Should The Prison Building A Reduced Maximum Nonviolent...

Most taxpayers and residents of communities aren’t aware of how beneficial it can be to lock up a reduced amount nonviolent criminals. The argument of incarcerating less nonviolent offenders originated in the 1970s, with increasing public concern about the threat of crime and many becoming skeptical about how effective rehabilitation is, Americans started focusing on some other goals of the prison system, such as retribution and public safety. They argue crime measures, such as mandatory minimum sentences and truth in sentencing laws, are keeping minor offenders in prison for too long and at great expense to the taxpayers. Advocates of harsh sentencing laws counter that they are necessary as a solution to lenient judges. David Masci, a CQ†¦show more content†¦The government should incarcerate less nonviolent criminals by using rehabilitation programs that already exist that would still be effective in saving money, keeping the community safe, and treating prisoners hu manely. According to the International Center for Prison Studies at King’s College London, the United States has an imprisonment rate of 743 out of 100,000 people and Clark explains that the prisons are heavily overburdened, â€Å"The federal prison system is 37 percent over-capacity, while budget-strapped states are housing prisoners in tents, hallways and gymnasiums -- or releasing them early† (Clark). The Center for Economic and Policy Research, or CEPR, did a report in 2010 stating, U.S. incarceration rates from 1880 to 1970 out of 100,000 people were only about 100 to 200 prisoners. Between 1970 and 1980, Peter Katel, a CQ Researcher contributing writer who has also written for Time and Newsweek, states, â€Å"The California prison situation represents an extreme version of†¦ a national crisis created by the nation s incarceration boom. The nation s 2.2-million prison and jail population represents a 700 percent increase over 1970. With 727 prisoners per 100,000 Ame ricans, the U.S. incarceration rate is way ahead of the rest of the world† (Katel). However after 1980, the inmate population grew much quicker than the overall population and because it is still growing so quick, prisoners must

Stem Cell Type Is Best - 1264 Words

Topic: Stem research, which stem cell type is best? Umbilical cord stem cells or embryonic stem cells. General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform the audience of the advantages and disadvantage of using embryonic and umbilical cord stem cells in research. Central Ideal: While medical researchers believe that the use of embryonic stem cells is their best option in research, others believe it to be unethical and immoral, and that umbilical stem cells are a good alternative to embryonic stem cells. Organizational pattern: Topical I. Introduction: A. Attention Getter: Some believe that murder is committed each day in the name of science. B. Reveal Topic: While medical researchers believe that the use of embryonic stem cells is their best option in research, others believe it to be unethical and immoral that umbilical stem cells are a good alternative to embryonic stem cells. C. Audience Motivation: Every person will be or has been touched by cancer, diabetes, arthritis, Alzheimer’s or some other devastating disease during their life time. Would you support any means of research to find a cure that may end human suffering even if it meant death of a human? D. Qualifications/Credibility: After must reading and research of the stem cell issue, I am qualified to speak about the pros and cons of using embryonic stem cells and umbilical (adult) cord stem cells. E. Purpose and Preview: I am here to present the pros and cons of embryonic stem cells verses umbilicalShow MoreRelatedMedical Ethics : Adult Stem Cell Research Essay1565 Words   |  7 Pages Tennisa Saunders Medical Ethics Adult Stem Cell Research Professor December 2016 In this essay I decided to write on Stem. Initially, I began by defining what stem cell is and the different types of stem cell scientist work with. I include the medical scenario of a woman from Huston by the name of Debbie Bertrand who suffered from Multiple Sclerosis. I also included Dr. Lall, discovery of stem cells in baby teeth, because I found the article to be very interesting. Philosophical questionRead MoreEssay about Stem Cell Research808 Words   |  4 PagesStem Cell Research Works Cited Not Included Stem cell research is an ongoing controversial issue. What exactly is stem cell research? How would this type of research affect peoples lives? What are stem cells? Where do they come from and what are their uses in the human body? What diseases and medical conditions could be helped if not eventually cured completely? Scientists are very optimistic regarding stem cell research. Whether or not that research will be allowedRead MoreResearch On Stem Cell Research1731 Words   |  7 PagesProhibit Stem Cell Research Many individuals believe that the beginning of stem cell research began in the early 2000s. However, the history of stem cell research can be traced back to the mid 1800s, when the make-up of human life, known as cells, were discovered (Solter 2006). Without this discovery, stem cell research would cease to exist. Prior to what has become known as stem cell research, scientists began studying embryonic stem cells using mouse embryos in 1981, which makes stem cell researchRead MoreStem Cell Research has the Potential to Alleviate Much Suffering1425 Words   |  6 Pagesthe words of former First Lady Nancy Reagan: â€Å"Embryonic stem cell research has the potential to alleviate so much suffering. Surely, by working together we can harness its life-giving potential.† Stem cell research shows so much promise to help people by treating diseases and other problems through therapy. While it seems as though the clear answer is that we should study stem cells as soon as possible, th is is sadly not the case. Stem cell research is an ongoing controversy within politics and theRead More The Benefits of Stem Cell Research Essay823 Words   |  4 PagesThe Benefits of Stem Cell Research Stem cells are considered â€Å"master cells† with the ability to divide for indefinite periods in cultures and can be manipulated and transformed into any type of cell in the body. The most common use would be the generation of cells and tissues that could be used to either create organs or tissues to be used in transplantation and to treat many diseases and disabilities. There is a great difference of opinion surrounding stem cell research; conservativesRead MoreEssay Stem Cell Research1263 Words   |  6 PagesStem cell research. Simple words that to some mean a lot more than a new potential scientific field. It is simply the creation or repair of another life form from an earlier form. Stem cells have the chance to change all that we know in the medical field as well as the potential to heal old wounds and heal damaged organs. This point causes much debate and anger of those opposed to stem cell research but they ultimately look at the process and not the form or result of it. Stem cell research hasRead MoreStem Cell Research : Stem Cells1416 Words   |  6 PagesSTEM CELLS In this report, I mainly focused on Stem-Cells. You will read about Stem-Cells and its history from the moment this term was known. Also, you will know the Sources, properties, and the types of Stem-Cells. In addition, you will know some of the pros and cons researches about Stem-Cells. Stem-Cells are cells that have the ability to divide and multiply and renew itself. †¢ Sources of Stem-Cells: 1- The first source is Bone Marrow. 2- The second source isRead MoreStem Cell Essay1310 Words   |  6 Pagesinsights of stem cells and having the capacity to apply their new learning to either look into potential medications or really convey powerful medicines to people. In 2001, Bush issued an official request that put huge limitations on government financing for undeveloped cell look into; and in 2009, Obama canceled this request with his very own request called Removing Barriers to Responsible Scientific Research involving Human Stem Cells. It merits bringing up that even grown-up undeveloped cell exploreRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Therapy1450 Words   |  6 Pagesothers in need. Stem cell therapy is one of the new therapies that are used to treat a disease or prevent it. Bone marrow transplants are one type of therapy that has been used for the treatment of leukemia for a while now. 1,6Stem cell therapy is used to replace damaged, diseased, or malfunctioning cells anywhere in the body with healthy cells. When a stem cell is introduced to a specific part of the body, that stem cell receives signals that tell it how to mimic the other cells around it. OneRead MoreA Research Study On Stem Cell Research1644 Words   |  7 PagesStem cell research has covered many parts of research today and is growing progressively and becoming more common in research today. These cells have the potential to grow and develop into any other cell type in the body and form or make up the tissues of the body and organs. There are millions of people today who suffer from birth defects or diseases because of damaged cells or tissue. Stem cells give researchers the ability cure and replace almost all the cells in the body and help grow new tissue

Writing On Business Research Methodology -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Writing On Business Research Methodology? Answer: Introducation I have performed the research on Evaluating the impact of HR management functions in business performance in Australia from the year 2000. The research process has been very beneficial for me as I have been able to gather knowledge on the trends of HRM functions in Australia and the evolution of the activities. It is valuable in my future career options as I will have an edge over the changing pattern of the industries and can adopt the required skills quickly. In this research, I have taken the case of Hotel Hilton and studied their effective management functions. This has been helpful in getting an overview of the HR laws of the country and how the laws have changed since 2000 to make the employment management efficient. While conducting the research, I have learnt to make a strategy and various aspects of a research work, which is valuable for my higher studies as well as in different situations that would arise in the course of life, as a strategy is helpful in performing any wor k in a methodical manner (Flick 2015). Usefulness of the learning process on course, program, future career, life generally The learning process from this research has been very helpful in gathering a wide range of knowledge on the employment condition of Australia and efficiency of the HRM functions in the industries, with a focus on the hotel and hospitality industry. The research has helped me to learn about various factors of the economy and the hotel industry in detail. This has not only helped me to gain a better knowledge about my course and study program in the university and get good grades, but it will also help me to share my knowledge during presentations and conferences on the related topics, such as in my future career option in this field. I can also publish articles in the magazines, journals and other publications about the related issues and other future researchers can take help from that. Even in the process of life, I was able to learn about the impact of the HRM functions have on the lives of people directly and indirectly associated with the businesses and organizations. This will b e helpful in my future as I will be able to look at the different management functions and their implications from different perspectives. Happenings in the learning process During the learning process of the research, I accessed various scholarly articles, books, journals etc. from the university library and national library in the town. I read many publications of the eminent writers on the related topics to gain an insight about the HRM functions and laws in Australia, the business condition, impact on the employees and scopes of improvement (Hair 2015). I also explored educational videos on YouTube and social media and talked to the managers and other staffs of Hotel Hilton to know more about their working condition, efficiency of the management and the business performance. From this observation, I tried to infer logical relation and explain the causal effect of the HRM functions on the performance of the hotel as well as the performance of the entire industry since 2000. I have used both the primary and secondary data for this research. Primary data is helpful to gather knowledge about the research topic from the people directly involved or affecte d by it and secondary data is helpful to validate the findings from the primary data (Best and Kahn 2016). To collect the primary data, I designed a questionnaire and conducted a survey to get the first hand experience from the employees of Hotel Hilton and validated the research issue and method by the secondary data collected from various authentic sources. Usefulness of business research in research learning process The learning process of a research involves many important tasks. From making a strategy, designing research aims and objectives to collect and analysing the data to get the findings are integral part of a research project (Bryman and Bell 2015). At the end of the research, it is extremely essential to establish a link of the findings with the objectives; else, the purpose of the research will not be fulfilled. Business research includes studying various aspects of a particular business to gather in depth knowledge about the research topic. In this study, I had to focus on the HRM functions of the Hotel Hilton in Australia to know about the effectiveness of the management and their impact on the employees, as well as, the rules and regulations of the country that defines the path of every organization in this particular industry. I have also learnt about the pattern of performance of this industry through on the perspective of Hotel Hilton. Thus, to gain relevant knowledge about the research topic, the business research has been quite helpful. Explanation of the learning process From the research project, I have learnt various aspects of a research and business condition of Australia. Along with the economic condition of the country, I also learnt about the hotel and hospitality industry and the impact of the functioning of the human resource management on the business performance since 2000. I chose to collect and analyse both primary and secondary data to get a broad view of the research topic and its implications on the industry, supported by the views of the people directly affected by the HRM functions. Application of the learning in the future The purpose of this research paper is to find out the impact of the HR functions on the business performance of the industry in Australia since 2000. Through this research, not only I gained an in-sight about various aspects of this industry, but about the impact of the economy also. This is helpful in future prospect of my career as I want to make important contribution in this field of study and throw some light to a new perspective of the issues and opportunities. The research process has helped me in grooming myself by enhancing my research and analytical skills, improving my representation abilities and completing the project within projected timeline. There is an improvement in my own skills and performance after this research project, which, I believe, will continue to give me benefits in all my future endeavours. References Best, J.W. and Kahn, J.V., 2016.Research in education. Pearson Education India. Bryman, A. and Bell, E., 2015. Business research methods. Oxford University Press, USA. Flick, U., 2015.Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Hair, J.F., 2015.Essentials of business research methods. ME Sharpe.

Genomic DNA Library-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Genomic DNA Liabrary. Answer: Introduction Bacillus subtilis is a Gram positive and rod shaped microorganism. It produces dormant and heat resistant spores and is non-pathogenic (Leggett et al., 2012). The genomic DNA of B. subtilis is circular and is approximately 42,14,630 base pairs, with a GC content of 43.5% and encodes 4100 proteins (van Dijl Hecker, 2013). It is a soil bacterium and is used for the production of many industrial products like commercial enzymes like proteases and amylases, vitamins like riboflavin, supplements like poly gamma glutamic acid, flavoring agent ribose, industrial nucleotides, among others (Singh et al., 2016). Its genome can be easily manipulated and as a result can be used in genetic engineering. It is the best characterized of among all the Gram-positive bacteria species having low GC content. Genomic DNA libraries are collections of genomic DNA sequences from an organism. This type of library consists of all the gene sequences present in the genome of the organism. Each clone consists of at least on one copy of the DNA sequences or genes present in the genome. The whole genome of the organism is represented by a set of genes or DNA segments inserted into a vector DNA molecule. Genomic library serves many purposes. It helps to determine the whole genome sequence of an organism, helps in the study of the functions of the genes or regulatory sequences; it helps to determine the presence of any genetic alterations or mutations, particularly in cancer tissues, helps in expression of genes that encodes proteins of industrial or commercial importance. It can also help in the production of novel pharmaceutical products (Rohland Reich, 2012). Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of the genetic organization of an organism using the technique of recombinant DNA technology. It helps in the transfer of genes from one organism and its subsequent expression in another organism. Apart from inserting new genes, genetic engineering also involves the mutation of knocking out of genes in an organism. Genetically modified organisms, particularly bacteria have been used in the past to produce insulin, human growth hormone, industrial enzymes that are used in laundry detergents, among others. This technique has also been used for the production of genetically modified crops or GMOs (Nielsen, 2013). The overall purpose of this report is to create a genomic DNA library using the genome of the organism B. subtilis, followed by its subsequent confirmation steps to determine success of the process. Results Lab 3 results The genomic DNA of B. subtilis that was isolated during Lab 2 were used for the subsequent cloning steps. The concentration of the genomic DNA was 44ng/l. The isolated genomic DNA was used to create the recombinant plasmids present in the genomic DNA library. The genomic DNA was digested with the restriction enzymes EcoRI and HindIII to yield the different DNA fragments or inserts that will be ligated to the similarly digested plasmid DNA vector (pUC18) to create recombinant plasmids that are transformed into the Escherichia coli DH5 cells. The samples subjected to restriction digestion were incubated at 37C for 1 hour, followed by incubation at 80 C for 10 minutes to inactivate the restriction enzymes. The respective digestion products of the genomic DNA and plasmid DNA were subjected to ligation. For this, the sample was incubated at 45 C to denature the reannealed digested products, followed by ligation at 18 C for 30 minutes. The ligation reaction was then incubated at 65 C for 1 0 minutes. The ligated products were subsequently transformed into E. coli DH5 cells. The transformants were plated on LB agar plates containing X-gal, IPTG and Ampicillin. Lab 4 results The ratio of blue to white colonies obtained after incubation of the transformed plates were 3:8. The control plates that were used includes positive control plates, where an previously prepared recombinant plasmid was transformed into the E. coli cells, which gave rise to white colonies indicating the presence of recombinant plasmids. The no T4 ligase control plate did not show the presence of any colonies, the no transformation plate also did not show the presence of the colonies and the digested and re-ligated pUC18 plasmid DNA gave rise to blue colonies (Apppendix, Figures 1-4). The recombinant plasmid DNA was isolated from one of the white colonies obtained from the experimental plates. The concentration of the plasmid DNA was 621.1ng/l and the 260:280 ratio was 2.12 as determined by sing the Nanodrop Spectrophotometer. The isolated recombinant plasmid was subjected to single and double restriction digestion by the use of HindIII and EcoRI/HindIII, respectively. This was used to confirm the presence of the insert in the plasmid DNA. Single digestion of the recombinant plasmid will produce a shift with the digested vector DNA pUC18, while double digestion will help to obtain the insert present in the recombinant plasmid. The digested products were run in an agarose gel with respective controls and DNA ladder in order to determine the size of the insert that was ligated into the pUC18 plasmid DNA. Lab 5 results The distances (in mm) travelled by the DNA bands present in the DNA ladder were determined for both the gels 1 and 3(Appendix, Table 1, Figures 5 and 6) and subsequently plotted along with the length of the DNA bands in base pairs. The X- axis represents the DNA length and the Y- axis represents the distance travelled. A logarithmic trendline was found to be appropriate for the DNA ladders of both Gel 1 and 3 (Appendix, Figures 7 and 8). Calculations were carried out using the equation present in the standard curves to determine the sizes of the DNA bands present in the gel 1 (control samples, Figure 5) and gel 3 (Experimental gel, Figure 6). The sizes of the DNA bands are provided in Table 2 (Appendix). In gel 1, the uncut pUC 18 had three bands of sizes 8103, 3827 and 2980bp, respectively. The double digested pUC18 and the control genomic DNA had one band of sizes approximately 2697bp and 12088bp, respectively. The control uncut, single digested and double digested recombinant plasmid had two bands each of sizes approximately 4447.1 and 2208.3bp, 2697 and 735bp, 2697 and 665.1bp, respectively (Appendix, Figure 5). In gel 3, the genomic DNA, uncut and single digested recombinant DNA had only one band of sizes approximately 13359bp, 3640bp and 3400bp, respectively. The double digested recombinant DNA had two bands of sizes approximately 2697bp and 692bp, respectively. The foreign DNA insert obtained after double digestion of the recombinant plasmid with EcoRI/HindIII was approximately 692bp (Appendix, Figure 6). While the single digested product was 3400bp approximately, the sizes of the DNA bands in the double digested product adds up to 3389bp, which is more or less the same as the DNA size obtained in the case of single digestion. The single digestion of the control recombinant plasmid yielded two bands, while the single digestion of the experimental recombinant plasmid yielded one band (Appendix, Figures 5 and 6). Discussion The aim of this report was to generate a genomic DNA library. For this, the genomic DNA of B. subtilis and pUC18 plasmid DNA were digested and ligated. Transformants obtained showed that the ratio of the blue to white colonies were 3:8. Thus, the number of clones containing recombinant plasmids were much higher than the clones carrying the empty vector pUC18. Therefore, maximum number of inserts obtained after digestion of the genomic DNA had undergone ligation with the similarly digested plasmid DNA supporting the success of the experiment. The white colonies were obtained as a result of disruption of the lacZ gene present in the multiple cloning site (MCS) of the vector. However, some single digested vectors were present that gave rise to the blue colonies, since the lacZ gene remained intact and utilized the X-gal substrate to produce the blue color. Moreover, the recombinant plasmid obtained was confirmed by double digestion, which yielded DNA bands of sizes 2697 and 692 bp. Thes e two are the sizes of the vector pUC18 (2697bp) and the foreign DNA insert (692bp). Moreover, the single digested product gave a single DNA band of size 3400bp, which is the same when the sizes of the double digested products are added up. The sizes of the DNA bands obtained after digestion of the control recombinant plasmids indicated that the parent plasmid here was also pUC18. Moreover, the single digestion of this control recombinant plasmid revealed that the enzyme used had two sites, thereby giving rise to two bands, like that in the case of double digestion, however the sizes of the inserts obtained in both the cases were slightly different. The problems that were encountered in the process were no colonies were obtained in the experimental plate. This result could be due to the presence of various discrepancies. These include: (1) improper purification during genomic and plasmid DNA preparation. Presence of ethanol, phenol and chloroform can inhibit or interfere with restriction digestion (Naushad et al., 2012). (2) Improper inactivation of restriction enzymes can interfere with the subsequent ligation steps, preventing successful ligation. (3) Inappropriate preparation of competent cells can also prevent the uptake of the recombinant DNA, thereby preventing the appearance of colonies on the plates (O'Connell, 2012). (4) Star activity can cause the DNA could be cut at non-specific sites by the restriction enzymes (Lundin et al., 2015). Other odd results that were obtained is the presence of blue colonies in the experimental plate and the presence of white colonies in the pUC 18 control plates. The blue colonies in the e xperimental plate indicates the presence of single digested or undigested plasmid vectors that have re-ligated, even after incubation at 45C to denature the reannealed products. This may be due to inappropriate or insufficient incubation at the desired temperature, since, only white colonies are expected in the experimental plate. The control plate containing only pUC18 is expected to give rise to only blue colonies, however, mutations in the lacZ gene present in the plasmid can give rise to white colonies. Another odd result was that when plasmid DNA was isolated from some of the white colonies from the experimental plates and subjected to double digestion did not give rise to the insert DNA, indicating that those white colonies consisted of only pUC18, where the lacZ gene got mutated. Additional experiments that can be carried out includes polymerase chain reaction using vector specific primers to amplify the gene of interest and subsequent sequencing to determine the DNA sequence of the insert (Erlich, 2015). The genomic DNA library can be used to identify specific genes from the B. subtilis genome that can encode protein products of commercial value. After identification, large amounts of the desired protein product can be obtained by the addition of IPTG, which acts as a gratuitous inducer. Moreover, the insert can be cloned in the pET vectors and transformed into BL21(DE3) for production of large quantities of protein products. The purpose of this application is the overexpression of the gene of interest to produce large quantities of protein products, which can be isolated and purified. The blue white screening is based on the principle of -complementation. It is based on the presence of the lacZ gene. lacZ encodes -galactosidase, which is a tetramer having and fragments. E. coli cells that lack the fragment, have non-functional fragments and as a result the -galactosidase is inactive. However, the functionality of the fragment can be restored by the introduction of a plasmid expressing the fragment in trans. Thus, the and fragment gives rise to the functional -galactosidase enzyme. The lacZ gene of the plasmid is present in the MCS and when an insert gets introduced into the MCS, the lacZ gene gets disrupted (Dooda et al., 2015). IPTG and X-gal is added to the LB media. IPTG acts as the inducer and X-gal acts as the chromogenic substrate. Non-functional lacZ gene product cannot degrade the substrate to produce blue color and instead gives rise to white colonies, while functional lacZ gene product degrades the substrate to produce blue colonies. The recombin ant plasmids express non-functional LacZ and produces white colonies, while the empty plasmids express functional LacZ and produce blue colonies (Stevenson et al., 2013). DH5 cells are M15 strains, in which N-terminal 11-41 amino acid residues ( fragment) of LacZ is deleted and the residual fragment alone is inactive. Thus, the DH5 strain is suitable for blue white screening as it will give rise to blue colonies only if a plasmid expressing the fragment is transformed into the cells (Mahmoud et al., 2015). Reference List Dooda, M. K., Kushwaha, A., Hasan, A., Kushwaha, M. (2015). Cloning of gene coding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase using puc18 vector.European Journal of Experimental Biology,5(3), 52-57. Erlich, H. (2015).PCR technology: principles and applications for DNA amplification. Springer. Leggett, M. J., McDonnell, G., Denyer, S. P., Setlow, P., Maillard, J. Y. (2012). Bacterial spore structures and their protective role in biocide resistance.Journal of applied microbiology,113(3), 485-498. Lundin, S., Jemt, A., Terje-Hegge, F., Foam, N., Pettersson, E., Kller, M., Lundeberg, J. (2015). Endonuclease specificity and sequence dependence of type IIS restriction enzymes.PLoS One,10(1), e0117059. Mahmoud, E. A., El-Kazzaz, A. A., Solliman, M. E. D. M., Ahmed, O. K., El-Shabrawi, H. M., Ghanem, S. A., El-Shemy, H. A. (2015). Isolation and cloning of genomic dna sequence encoding the pvPDF defensin gene.International Journal of Academic Research,7(1). Naushad, M., ALOthman, Z. A., Khan, A. B., Ali, M. (2012). Effect of ionic liquid on activity, stability, and structure of enzymes: a review.International journal of biological macromolecules,51(4), 555-560. Nielsen, J. (2013). Production of biopharmaceutical proteins by yeast: advances through metabolic engineering.Bioengineered,4(4), 207-211. O'Connell, M. P. (2012). 1.1 Genetic Transfer in Prokaryotes: Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation.Advanced Molecular Genetics, 1. Rohland, N., Reich, D. (2012). Cost-effective, high-throughput DNA sequencing libraries for multiplexed target capture.Genome research,22(5), 939-946. Singh, R., Kumar, M., Mittal, A., Mehta, P. K. (2016). Microbial enzymes: industrial progress in 21st century.3 Biotech,6(2), 174. Stevenson, J., Krycer, J. R., Phan, L., Brown, A. J. (2013). A practical comparison of ligation-independent cloning techniques.PLoS One,8(12), e83888. van Dijl, J., Hecker, M. (2013). Bacillus subtilis: from soil bacterium to super-secreting cell factory.Microbial cell factories,12(1), 3

Earth Population Essays - Demography, Human Overpopulation

Earth Population Our Earth has changed more dramatically in the 20th Century then in any other time period previous. During this time the health of our planet has also been both harmed and improved in dramatic ways. Two examples are that in this century, we have produced more air pollution then ever before, but our nature conservation efforts are working. Based on that type of logic, it is usually very easy for a scientist to tell if a particular change in our environment during the 20th Century, was good or bad for our planet. That is where population growth comes in and breaks this idea. Is population growth good or bad for our world? This is a question which scientists around the world have been debateing about for decades. The purpose of this essay will address that question. It will also talk about the future growth rate of our world's population, what if any relationship can be drawn from over population and the GNP and literacy levels in a country, what types of population control measures the four largest countries use, and finally determine if there are any population problems and find solutions for them. Despite extensive population control measures, the country with the largest population is China. In fact China contains almost one-fourth of the world's people at around 1.2 billion. During the 1950's the population grew at a rate of 2% per year. The rate of growth slowed to 1.3% by 1990, in part due to population control measures. China's population control measures are based around a creul policy allowing parents only one child. This policy has led to higher levels of abortion, sterilizations, and inficide than in any other country in the world. The dramatic declines in China's population growth rate have however taken place well before the one child policy went into effect in 1979. This further confuses experts who study population and try to determine why population rates flucuate. Some of these experts suggest that aside from the one child policy China's growth rate might have decreased from 2.0 to 1.3 percent because of major improvements in infant mortality rates. Thus parents had more confidence that their children would live to maturity. Also, as China has moved to become a more industrialized country families have chosen to reduce family size. For example in our country 200 years ago families were large because the more kids a family had the more successful the farm would be. Those are a few reasons the population rate in China might be lower than in years previous and continue to slow down.

Situational Analysis of BMW The WritePass Journal

Situational Analysis of BMW Introduction Situational Analysis of BMW ). At present, the company has millions of Facebook fans which can use to amplify its marketing message (Schmuck, 2012). To improve its current digital marketing, a suggested strategy is the development of mobile applications for potential customers. The company can develop Apple and Android applications since the sale of smart phones has greatly increased in the last few years. The customers use such technology gadgets to access information on the internet and thus it can be easily used to target all potential market segments easily. Partnering with websites that provide sports and car reviews would also help the company leverage its fame. Even though the ultimate use of the campaign would be generating sales, the company should not make use of unnecessary product, but rather focus on giving a brand insight to the potential customers. The company can track and measure performance of its digital marketing campaign by measuring clicks, likes, views, tweets, shares etc. The company can give a statistical representation to the amount of time spent on website, log in frequency and clicks. Designing online games and online applications would help in engaging the consumers with the brand (Maclaran and Catterall, 2002). This would not just expose the brand and product but would also help to nurture relationships with existing consumers. For the purchase of high involvement products such as a car, the opinion leaders can play a very important role. The opinion leaders help materialise the power of word of mouth communications by passing on information and their opinion about a product. BMWi marketers can use pre-launch tests for advertisements as well as the pre-tests for the product to generate an opinion. The opinion leaders can be the obvious ones such as car reviewers, bloggers, enthusiasts and drivers. The company should also include unobvious opinion leaders such as car dealers, mechanics, environmental awareness promoters etc. According Hawkins, Best and Coney, (1998) consumers rely more on opinion leaders when they need to buy high risk products. A car is a high involvement product, expensive as well as a symbol of status for many. Thus it includes financial risks and social risk for the buyers. The potential consumers, in order to minimise the perceived risk, would rely on the information from knowledgeable personnel such as drivers and enthusiasts. The first step in generating online interest would be the identification of opinion leaders and sampling them to find a suitable presentation in all targeted segments. The identification of the opinion leaders, which are not obvious but powerful, can be a difficult task for the company. One effective strategy as suggested by markers for identifying opinion leaders is seeding the offering in a group of people (this can be based on age or geographic sampling and letting it diffuse. BMWi can use the identified age segment of 45-55 years as well as the existing users of the BMW cars. The company can then find early adopters and use information from them to locate opinion leaders (Frost, 2004). According to research by Stokburger-Sauer and Hoyer (2009) opinion leaders generally have high involvement in their respective product categories. Exposing the brand to them and initiating a trial can be enough to generate an opinion. The company, after choosing the opinion leaders, can send them cars for test driving or invite them to the showrooms to give their opinions. The company should focus on gaining a favourable response from the opinion leaders. Chrysle r in one of its marketing strategies offered the car for testing to the opinion leaders for a weekend (Hawkins, Best and Coney, 1998). The company can also record positive testimonials from people that the target market can relate to and put them on its online portals. To engage the opinion leaders the company already has an application available on iOS and Android called the Ultimate Drive through which the drivers and car enthusiast share their tips, rate roads and favourite drives (Smith, 2011). References Faust, W. and Householder, L. (2009). Get Real and Prosper: Why Social Media Demands Authentic Brands. Design Management Review Vol. 20 No. 1, pp 45-51. Frost, R. (2004). Gaining Influence Through word of Mouth. [Online] Brand channel. Available at: brandchannel.com/features_effect.asp?pf_id=196 [21st April, 2012] Gallear, D., Ghobadian, A. and ORegan, N. (2008). Digital/web-based technology in purchasing and supply management: a UK study. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management. 19:3, pp. 346-50. Hawkins, D. Best, R.J and Coney, K.A. (1998). Consumer behavior : building marketing strategy. Beijing : China Machine Press Haynes, J. (2001). Internet management issues:Â  a global perspective. Idea Group Inc. (ICI). Maclaran, P. and Catterall,M. (2002), researching the social Web: marketing information from virtual communities, Marketing Intelligence Planning, Vol. 20 Iss: 6, pp.319 – 326 Schmuck, A. (2012). 2 ways BMW is engaging tech-savvy consumers. [Online] I-Media Connection. Available at: imediaconnection.com/content/30787.asp Smith, C. (2011). BMW Creates Social Network for Driving Enthusiasts. [Online] Digital Marketing Ramblings. Available at: http://expandedramblings.com/index.php/bmw-creates-social-network-for-driving-enthusiasts/ [21st April, 2012] Stokburger-Sauer, N. E. and Hoyer, W. D. (2009), Consumer advisors revisited: What drives those with market mavenism and opinion leadership tendencies and why? Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 8 (2-33). Pp.100–115. Zesty, S. (2012). Brilliant BMW Real World Facebook Racing Game. [Online] Digital Marketing Institute. Available at: http://digitalmarketinginstitute.ie/blog/advertising/brillant-bmw-real-world-facebook-racing-game [21st April, 2012]

Administrators role as a supervisor and motivator Essay - 1

Administrators role as a supervisor and motivator - Essay Example We are now in the midst of the greatest period of change in school administration since its origin in American education. Through the energizing role of the Cooperative Program in Educational Administration, the whole profession has undergone the most penetrating examination and revision of practice. The underlying concepts of the functions and process of administration have also been critically examined. As a result, school administration now is quite different from what it was ten years ago. In all probability, it will be much, much different fifty years from now. It is our purpose, of this paper, to discuss school administration in relation to the findings of this critical examination and revised practice. The approach will not be very familiar to those who are acquainted with the traditional texts on the subject. It is, however, the normal outgrowth of some of the newer books that have put increasing emphasis on the process and the personnel aspects of administration. This emphasis accomplishes a dual service: (1) it presents the changing and improved practices in the field, and (2) it gives impetus to the swing toward the newer concepts of administration. The concept of school administration, particularly of the role of the chief school administrator, advanced by Davies, deals with three components: the administrators job, the man he is, and the social setting in which he functions. Defined very briefly, the job includes the administrators tasks and responsibilities, which vary in importance and emphasis as time passes, and encompasses all that is relevant to the administration of todays schools. The man brings to the job certain capacities of body, mind, emotion, and spirit. He has beliefs, values, expectations, behavior patterns, energy reserves, and skills. While the job shapes him, he also shapes the job. The social setting encompasses the pressures and compulsions of society.